With new research emerging and potential regulations on the horizon, the focus on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is intensifying. In a recent episode of The Water Online Show, hosts Travis Kennedy and Kevin Westerling sat down with Carollo’s Rashi Gupta, national wastewater practice director, to discuss the U.S. EPA’s draft risk assessment on PFAS in biosolids. This discussion sheds light on the potential regulatory implications for utilities and the steps they should be taking to prepare.
Breaking Down the EPA’s Draft Risk Assessment on Sewage Sludge
PFAS contamination is a well-documented issue, affecting over 90% of the U.S. population. However, the conversation has now turned to biosolids—treated wastewater sludge that is sometimes used as a fertilizer in agriculture. The EPA’s draft risk assessment models the potential impact of PFAS exposure on a hypothetical farm family consuming food, water, and animal products from biosolid treated land. The findings suggest that even at low concentrations, PFAS levels in biosolids could exceed acceptable risk thresholds in certain scenarios.
Rashi emphasizes that while this assessment is significant, it is not yet a regulation. “One thing to note is that the risk assessment is not a regulation—this is a precursor step to potential regulations down the line,” she explains. She also clarifies that the study does not reflect risk to the general public but instead focuses on a very specific exposure scenario.
What PFAS in Biosolids Means for Utilities
With potential regulatory changes on the horizon, utilities must take a proactive approach to managing PFAS in biosolids. While biosolids serve as a cost-effective and nutrient-rich fertilizer, concerns over PFAS contamination could lead to new compliance requirements. According to Rashi, utilities should begin assessing their biosolids management strategies now to avoid being caught off guard.
“Utilities can talk to their land application third parties and manage the risk of where they are applying the biosolids right now,” she advises. “For example, getting them away from potential runoff into surface water where fish might be, putting them on crops that are meant for grazing, etc.”
The Road Ahead for PFAS Regulation
With the public comment period on the EPA’s draft risk assessment open until March 17, 2025, now is the time for utilities, regulators, and agricultural partners to engage in discussions about risk management and compliance strategies. As regulatory frameworks take shape, balancing the financial and operational impacts with public health and environmental protection will be critical.
For a deeper dive into PFAS in biosolids and expert insights from Rashi Gupta, watch the full interview from Water Online below: