The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has released a draft risk assessment evaluating the potential health risks associated with PFAS contamination in biosolids. This assessment is an important step toward understanding how per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in biosolids may impact human health and could shape future regulations on biosolids management. “Sizing Up Solids Safety,” an article from a recent Water Environment & Technology (WE&T) issue, explores strategies for mitigating risks associated with solids handling in wastewater treatment facilities. Carollo’s Wastewater Practice Director Rashi Gupta joined the discussion, emphasizing the importance of a measured response and proactive strategies to address PFAS in biosolids.
PFAS Exposure Pathway to Biosolids
Despite the concerns raised by the assessment, it is essential to recognize that wastewater treatment facilities are not the source of PFAS contamination. As Zach Schafer, director for policy and special projects for EPA’s Office of Water, explained, “PFAS exist in sewage sludge as a result of upstream [generators] as well as households using products that contain PFAS—not because of a treatment plant’s practices.”
Additionally, Rashi highlighted the role of farmers in this issue, stating, “It’s important to recognize that farmers, like utilities, are not PFAS [generators] but rather, receivers of these compounds.” She emphasized that biosolids have been applied to land for decades due to their nutrient and carbon benefits, which remain valuable. However, she advised that farmers can mitigate exposure risks by applying biosolids to fields used for non-grazing crops and avoiding areas where runoff could contaminate water bodies.
Preparing for Potential Biosolids Regulations
While the EPA’s assessment is still in draft form, utilities can take proactive steps to prepare for potential regulations. One of the most effective measures is to begin monitoring PFAS levels in biosolids and updating industrial user inventories. Rashi recommends that utilities also explore alternative biosolids management strategies, including optimizing land application practices and considering regional partnerships for centralized biosolids processing.
“We have been advising utilities to seek diversification and identify multiple potential management options to reduce risks to their operations,” Rashi said. “Given that changes to solids processing could require significant investment, open communication with stakeholders, legislators, and regulators is essential to establishing a clear understanding of the economic implications.”
As discussions around PFAS in biosolids continue to evolve, staying informed and engaged with regulatory developments is crucial. To learn more about the EPA’s findings and their potential impact on biosolids management, read the full article (subscription required).